ABSTRACT
La vitamina D (VitD), además de su papel en el metabolismo mineral, tiene funciones inmunomoduladoras y podría participar activamente en la fisiopatogénesis de la infección por el VIH-1; sin embargo, la evidencia científica en este campo es limitada y controvertida. La VitD tiene propiedades antiinflamatorias que podrían disminuir la hiperactivación inmunológica, reduciendo el daño asociado a este fenómeno; además, promueve la expresión de péptidos con actividad anti-VIH-1, sustentando su papel protector. En contraste, la VitD activa el promotor del VIH-1 y podría potenciar la replicación del virus; adicionalmente, algunas variantes alélicas en el gen del receptor de la VitD, que aumentan su función, se han asociado con susceptibilidad al VIH-1. Esta revisión presenta evidencia científica sobre el efecto de la vía de la VitD en la patogénesis de la infección por el VIH-1, dada las implicaciones de este tópico en la identificación de nuevos blancos terapéuticos en esta infección.
Beyond its role in mineral metabolism, vitamin D (VitD) has immunomodulatory functions and can actively participate in the physiopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection; however, scientific evidence in this field is limited and controversial. VitD has anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce immune hyperactivation, decreasing the damage associated with this phenomenon. It also promotes the expression of antimicrobial peptides with anti-HIV-1 activity, supporting its protective role. In contrast, VitD activates the HIV-1 promoter and can increase viral replication. Furthermore, a number of allelic variants in the vitamin D receptor gene, which increase its function, have been associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Given the implications of this topic for the identification of new therapeutic targets in HIV infection, this review presents scientific evidence on the effect of the VitD pathway in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamin D , Homeopathic Pathogenesy , HIV-1 , Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins , Immune System DiseasesABSTRACT
The Nramp1 gene has been associated with natural resistance to intracellular microorganisms in several species including bovine. Recent evidence suggests an association between polymorphism in the 3. untranslated region (3. UTR) of this gene with resistance/susceptibility (R/S) to Brucella abortus as determined in vivo and in vitro. In this study we tested for the variability of the short tandem repeat (STR) within the 3. UTR of Nramp1 in six breeds of Colombian creole cattle (CCC) and compared the genotypes with those of Holstein and Brahman, which were recently introduced into this country. In CCC as well as in Holstein we found the allele 175 fixed in all populations. In Brahman, 175 allele was also present with a frequency of 0.467 but additionally, in this breed there appeared five other alleles and among them two previously unreported: 183 y 185; also was found the allele 189 in the Colombian creole Harton del Valle cattle, which is not previously reported. Together these results suggest that the 175 allele in the 3. UTR Nramp1 may be an ancestral allele in cattle and if this is true the association previously reported with the R/S trait requires further evaluation.